Superseding Indictment for Dr. Ahuja Adding Conspiracy Count (9/28/11)

Jeff Neiman posted a blog this morning in the superseding indictment for Dr. Ahuja. See Jeff Neiman, Superseding Indictment: HSBC India Customer Charged (9/28/11), here. Jeff's Blog entry has a good discussion and link to the superseding indictment, so I recommend it and will not repeat it here, other than to note that the allegations which flesh out any conspiracy charge are quite interesting. I have previously blogged the original indictment which did not include the conspiracy charge, here.
I do note the nature of conspiracy charges in this context by this cut and paste from my book (footnotes omitted):

Not surprisingly, therefore, the Government trots out the conspiracy charge whenever it can imagine more than one bad guy behind the tree – it is so easy to do. The conspiracy count allegations are framed as a cascade of allegations telling a damning story (if true and, although literally true, not misleading), but sometimes producing more heat than light. This contrasts with counts for the tax offenses which are dry, sparse, boring, and usually not even flowered up for dramatic effect. The benefits for the Government are great, and the downsides are few; after all, the prosecutors’ life and liberty are not at stake. This means, of course, that the Government’s power to tack on conspiracy charges can be abused, particularly with a weapon as potent and elastic as conspiracy. The Supreme Court has noted that:

We agree that indictments under the broad language of the general conspiracy statute must be scrutinized carefully as to each of the charged defendants because of the possibility, inherent in a criminal conspiracy charge, that its wide net may ensnare the innocent as well as the culpable.

Addendum on 9/29/11:
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The Noose Tightens: Swiss Banks Deliver Up Data (9/11/11)

Ten of the more significant Swiss bank players in assisting U.S. taxpayers hide their income from U.S. tax authorities have delivered statistical data to the U.S. The data is sufficiently broad that it does not identify individual taxpayers but almost certainly could give the U.S. ways to sharpen its focus on the information and documents that it might ultimately demand from the banks.

An article in Tax Notes (Randall Jackson, Swiss Banks Turn Over Statistical Data in Tax Evasion Investigation, 2011 TNT 177-3 (9/13/11)) reports:
The banks include the following:

HSBC
Wegelin
Julius Baer
Basler Kantonalbank
Zürcher Kantonalbank

Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf, chief of the Swiss Federal Department of Finance, on September 10 also stated that statistical data had been turned over to U.S. officials. However, she added that no personal data had been disclosed. "That would be a violation of banking secrecy," she said, as quoted in a September 11 Agence France-Presse report.
Widmer-Schlumpf stressed that reaching a mutually acceptable outcome between the United States and Switzerland over the latest tax argument is of vital importance, but that it would not require an emergency law or separate treaty.
"The fact is that we are working with a lot of commitment for a solution that Switzerland can deliver within the existing legal framework of administrative assistance in the case of tax fraud and tax evasion. This is happening in accordance with the government and in conjunction with the involved banks. There is no need for an emergency law or separate treaty," she said, as quoted in a September 11 interview with NZZ am Sonntag.

Katie Reid, U.S. Obtains Data From 10 Swiss Banks In Tax-Dodging Probe (Huffington Post/Reuters 9/10/11), here.

Breaking News 9/13/11:

As the commenter notes below, the reports are that the Swiss are caving for all banks by now allowing what I call John Doe Treaty requests as follows (US client data to be provided based on activity (swissinfo.ch), here):

In cases where US authorities are able to supply enough details to justify a suspicious pattern of behaviour, Swiss banks will hand over the names and account details of US clients suspected of tax fraud – which happened to 4,500 UBS clients in 2009.

Of course, the U.S. will only be able to supply very general characteristics, such as use of foreign entities between the swiss account and the U.S. taxpayer, failure to supply the required forms, perhaps some minimum dollar amount (say $50,000).  Many of the characteristics might be discernible from the aggregate data discussed above, and were a key component of the UBS requests.

I will post more on this as more details are known.

HSBC Retreats, Abandoning Its U.S. Tax Cheat (And Probably Some Other) Private Banking Customers (7/19/11)

The Wall Street Journal reports that HSBC is sounding a retreat from the U.S. tax cheat enabler business. Dan Fitzpatrick, Evan Perez and Laura Saunders, HSBC Acts on Offshore Cash: As U.S. Cracks Down on Tax Evasion, U.K. Bank Drops American Residents Keeping Money Abroad (WSJ 7/20/11).  Here are some excerpts:

HSBC Holdings PLC is moving to mollify federal authorities investigating how the banking industry has helped U.S. clients evade taxes.

The global banking giant is cutting ties with wealthy American clients who bank offshore, as U.S. prosecutors turn up the heat on the bank to produce information about account holders who may be evading taxes, people familiar with the matter say.

A spokeswoman said the global banking giant will "no longer offer wealth-management services to U.S. resident private clients from locations outside the U.S.," and that American clients "will be better served by our private banking teams in the United States." At issue are hundreds of clients with accounts totaling as much as $100 million, said a person familiar with the situation. U.S. clients need roughly $5 million in assets to qualify for an HSBC private-client account, another person familiar with the situation said.

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U.S. Is Reported to Have Abandoned Negotiations with Swiss (7/18/11)

Rumors previously circulated that the Swiss Government and the U.S. were negotiating to reach their own version of the "grand bargain" over Swiss skullduggery in secret bank accounts for U.S. depositors. See U.S. Swiss Negotiations for Multi-Bank Settlement on Swiss Bank Enabled U.S. Tax Evasion (6/11/11). Now the rumors are that U.S. terminated the negotiations. (One could have speculated as much from the announcement that the U.S. is stepping up its investigation of Credit Suisse. See DOJ Investigating Credit Suisse (7/15/11) .

The following are excerpts from a Reuters report (Swiss-US tax talks flounder as CS probed-paper (Reuters 7/17/11)) which cites a Swiss newspaper.  The key points are (although I remind readers that this is probably the Swiss spin on matters):

1. "Citing unnamed banking sources, the Tages-Anzeiger daily said that negotiations between Switzerland and the United States had stalled because the U.S. Department of Justice was not particularly interested in a deal."
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HSBC Client Indicted (6/28/11)

According to a DOJ press release today, another HSBC depositor has been indicted. The key information is as follows:

Taxpayer: Dr. Arvind Ahuja of Greendale, Wis.
Banks: HSBC in India and the Bailiwick of Jersey
Entities: ?
Charges: Tax Perjury (4 counts); Failure to File FBARs (4 counts) - years 2006 - 2009
Account Balance: $8,733,785 (2009).
Omitted Income Charged: $1.2 Million in Interest..
Court:  ED WI
Judge: ?

I  will update the spreadsheet sometime this week.

Addendum on 7/15/11:  For a report of the hearing in which he pleaded not guilty, see David Voreacos and Marie Rohde, HSBC Client Pleads Not Guilty to Filing False Returns to Tax Authorities (Bloomberg 7/14/11).

IRS Ratchets Up Its Focus on the Enablers (6/2/11)

Observers of the IRS offshore financial account initiative have known for a long time that the IRS had its sights on enablers (persons who promoted and enabled taxpayers into offshore accounts for U.S. tax evasion purposes). In the template letter required in the two programs, participants were required to identify enablers. Then IRS then took that information and built databases of names and relationships that could identify the signficiant enablers. At least anecdotally, practitioners observed that the IRS seemed to be particularly interested in enablers who had some U.S. presence -- particularly, as in the case of the UBS enablers, those who moved into and out of the country in stealth mode to sell their evasion services. This is probably not new to most of the professional readers of this blog.

In a very good article, a Bloomberg Business Week reporter discusses some of the IRS's efforts. The article is David Voreacos,The IRS Grills Taxpayers on Offshore Accounts, Bloomberg Businessweek (6/2/11). It is not a long article and is well-written, so I just link to it for you. 
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The State of the John Doe Treaty Request to Switzerland (6/1/11)

U.S. double tax treaties have an exchange of information provision. After the U.S. put the full court press on UBS (John Doe Summons and criminal investigation), the matter was finally resolved with a deferred prosecution agreement for UBS (with a whopping fine) and an agreement with the Swiss government that it would process a John Doe treaty request -- i.e., a request for U.S. taxpayers identified only by characteristics (e.g., size of account and use of non-U.S. entities)). Because, prior to that time, Switzerland interpreted the US - Swiss double tax treaty restrictively, this solution required a treaty protocol. At more or less the same time, efforts at more transparency from tax haven jurisdictions were pursued by OECD and G-20 Ministers of Finance. The result is that Switzerland is trying to give the appearance of opening the kimono. (That is different than actually opening the kimono.)

All of this is laid out (or at least suggested) in the Joint Committee on Taxation, Explanation of Proposed Protocol to the Income Tax Treaty Between the United States and Switzerland (JCX-31-11), May 20, 2011. I recommend this report as an excellent summary of the issues with Switzerland and an historical summary of the developments in this area.
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John Doe Summonses & Statutes Of Limitations (5/27/11)

This week, a district court denied an IRS request for an order authorizing issuance of a John Doe Summons.  Readers will recall that Section 7609(f) permits the IRS to issue John Doe Summonses seeking tax related information and documents about unknown taxpayers. These taxpayers are unknown, so the IRS cannot give notice to the taxpayers who can then contest the summons. So, Congress required that a federal district judge approve the issuance of the summons.

The IRS sought the court order authorizing it to serve a John Doe summons to the California Board of Equalization for certain a certain discrete record set that would help the IRS identify persons making gift transfers to non-spouse related parties which, the IRS imagined, might have compliance issues with the gift tax. I won't get into the details of the focus of the IRS's interest, since the principal focus would be civil compliance initiatives. The judge refused to authorize the summons, finding that the IRS had not shown that the information and documents were not otherwise reasonably available. Further, although dismissing the motion for authorization without prejudice on the basis stated, the Court cautioned that, if the IRS were to repackage the motion, the court had some serious concerns about whether the IRS could otherwise qualify.  The opinion is here.
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A Botched Foreign Account Quiet Disclosure Draws Criminal Charges (5/19/11)

The U.S. Attorney for Masschusetts filed an information against Michael F. Schiavo. The information is here. The gravamen of the misdeed recounted in the information is that Mr. Schaivo attempted a quiet disclosure for his foreign account but that, in that attempted quiet disclosure, he was less than truthful and complete. But, the information seems to say more than that. Readers can analyze the complete information at their leisure. I shall just cut and paste some of the key paragraphs that I think are relevant to professionals and students interested in this subject.

2. At all times material to this Information, HSBC Bank Bermuda Limited ("HSBC Bank Bermuda") (formerly The Bank of Bermuda, Ltd.) was a Bermuda bank headquartered in Hamilton, Bermuda. Beginning in at least in or about 2003 and continuing to at least 2008, Schiavo maintained an account at HSBC Bank Bermuda in which the balance ranged from approximately $65,000 to $150,000.
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HSBC India Developments (4/14/11)

As expected, in tax filing season, DOJ Tax takes actions to encourage taxpayers to do the right thing.  There are two HSBC India developments. We previously covered the John Doe summons to HSBC India here. The new developments are:

1. One depositor in HSBC India, Vaibhav Dahake, who was indicted previously (see discussion of indictment here). Dahake pled guilty to one count of conspiracy on April 11, 2011 pursuant to a plea agreement he had entered November 18, 2010. (I speculate that the timing of the actual plea in court was related to the HSBC John Doe summons proceeding, or, perhaps, had something to do with the HSBC related enablers.)  The plea agreement is here, and a Reuters article is here. The plea agreement is fairly standard, with the stipulated sentencing factors being: (i) a tax loss between $30,000 and $80,000 producing a BOL of 14, (ii) sophisticated means 2 level upward adjustment, (iii) acceptance of responsibility 3 level (2+1) downward adjustment and (iv) deriving an offense level of 13. One unusual provision is the following related to immigration:
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HSBC Targeted in Offshore Banking Juggernaut - John Doe Order Granted!!! (4/7/11)

The IRS has issued a "John Doe" Summons with the U.S. District Court in SF, according to a DOJ news release here.  Readers will remember that this was an opening salvo in the spat with UBS that led to a deferred prosecution agreement, $780 million  payment to the U.S., and the turn over of a bunch -- 4,500 -- names.  It is uglier and likely to get uglier for HSBC.  And how about the other banks?

Just curious because I was thinking about it today.  Why doesn't DOJ just get a John Doe grand jury subpoena and cut to the quick?

Update 4/8/11:  The order allowing the John Doe Summons was granted (see here).  (Editorial comment: I hope none of my readers are surprised.)
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First Sentencing in Offshore Case that Went to Trial

Maricio Cohen Assor and Leon Cohen-Levy, previously blogged here, were sentenced yesterday. I include below links to the SD FL USAO press release and some articles, but here are the bullet points I found interesting:

1. Each was convicted of one count of conspiracy (Klein conspiracy) under 18 USC 371 and 2 counts of filing false tax returns under 26 USC 7212.  The maximum permissible sentence for those counts of conviction was 11 years each.

2. Each received 10 years incarceration (mitigated only if they qualify for the rather minimal good time benefit).

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Another Indictment with Allegations Reputedly of Activity by HSBC and Its Bankers

The Government has obtained another indictment of one Vaibav Dahake, a U.S. depositor in an offshore financial institution. The indictment is a for a single conspiracy count.  The indictment contains the standard allegations -- a U.S. depositor, a tax haven (BVI) entity with bearer shares to hide the activity, an "international bank" (reputed to be HSBC) and a U.S. division of the international bank (this element is standard to date, but perhaps not so standard in the future with other banks who avoided overt U.S. presence). The U.S. division allegedly marketed Indian banking services to U.S. persons of Indian descent. Mr. Dahake allegedly had bank accounts in BVI and India that he did not report on an FBAR.

And, since the Government now seems to be focusing on the enablers, the indictment names 5 alleged bank related co-conspirators -- 3 U.S. bankers and 2 India bankers, all connected with the international bank.

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Rumors that Offshore Bank Inquiry Expands to Other Swiss Banks and even to Wall Street

Lynnley Browning of The New York Times today here passes on rumors -- presumably from a reliable unnamed source -- that

1. "federal authorities are looking at Wall Street banks that provide banking services to the regional companies, known as cantonal banks."

2. "the Wall Street banks might have been used by the regional banks to pool client money so that individual clients could not be identified by the United States authorities." The article does caution that "There is no indication that the Wall Street banks, which the two people declined to identify, have knowingly engaged in wrongdoing."

3. "The new investigation centers on Basler Kantonalbank, one of the larger regional companies, but includes other cantonal banks as well, the people briefed on the investigation said, declining to identify them." Readers will recall that Renzo Gadola worked with (not for, perhaps) Basler Kantonalbank. I blogged previously on his original charge here and on his guilty plea just two days ago here.
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Sometimes the Guilty are Really Guilty, But Not These If You Believe Their Lawyer (Whom the Jury Did Not)

Yesterday, two defendants caught up in the foreign bank account initiative were convicted in the Southern District of Florida, which seems to be the center of the center of activity in this initiative. The Bloomberg report is here, and is reasonably comprehensive for a quick report of the conviction yesterday.

As narrated in the Bloomberg article, the defendants' lawyer proclaimed their innocence. (The article says that the lawyer was "their defense lawyer;" it is unclear to me how any judge would permit one lawyer to represent more than one defendant in a criminal trial.) Thus, it would seem, the defense presentation foreclosed any possibility of seeking a downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. As I note in my book:

In tax cases, this adjustment is generally achieved by a plea agreement and acceptance of responsibility sufficiently before the trial date that significant resources are avoided. The Application Note [to SG 3.1.1 provides (and cautions):

3. Entry of a plea of guilty prior to the commencement of trial combined with truthfully admitting the conduct comprising the offense of conviction, and truthfully admitting or not falsely denying any additional relevant conduct for which he is accountable under §1B1.3 (Relevant Conduct) (see Application Note 1(a)), will constitute significant evidence of acceptance of responsibility for the purposes of subsection (a). However, this evidence may be outweighed by conduct of the defendant that is inconsistent with such acceptance of responsibility. A defendant who enters a guilty plea is not entitled to an adjustment under this section as a matter of right.

By the same token, the Guidelines recognize the possibility that a defendant may qualify for this favorable acceptance of responsibility downward adjustment even though not pleading guilty. In “rare situations” a defendant may demonstrate acceptance of responsibility “even though he exercises his constitutional right to a trial,” as “where a defendant goes to trial to assert and preserve issues that do not relate to factual guilt.” [SG 3E1.1, cmt. Note 2.]

Leak From HSBC Suggests U.S. Taxpayers Continuing to Hide Offshore Assets Should Re-Think Their Model

The Wall Street Journal has an interesting article this morning on the leak of information from HSBC to at least some tax authorities. The article is titled "Mass Leak of Client Data Rattles Swiss Banking."

Those U.S. taxpayers who thought they had a beneficial risk / reward ratio in staying out of the IRS voluntary disclosure program need to re-consider their model. The community of persons having potential inside access to tax haven bank data have to know by now that others may be interested in this data and may even pay handsomely for it. Indeed, simply because the IRS (or DOJ Tax, depending upon who is conducting the investigation) might get swamped and unable to process the information for tax collections (and hence rewards), such persons would probably want to get in line early.

I had a saying when I first began posting on offshore accounts and the voluntary disclosure policy - "Get in Line Brother." Those with undisclosed offshore accounts might want to take -- or at least reconsider -- that advice.

U.S. Account Holders at HSBC Now Under Scrutiny

Tax Notes Today reports that some U.S. owners of HSBC accounts are receiving letters from DOJ Tax Criminal Section advising that they are targets of criminal investigations with respect to their offshore accounts. Jeremiah Coder, HSBC Clients Under Criminal Investigation, 2010 TNT 128-1 (7/6/10); for past Blog discussions on HSBC see here.) Excerpts from short article are:

The Justice Department has opened criminal investigations into U.S. taxpayers with suspected unreported offshore accounts in HSBC Holdings PLC, practitioners told Tax Analysts July 2.

The practitioners, who spoke on the condition of anonymity, said the DOJ has sent letters to several taxpayers referencing HSBC as a potential target and notifying the account holders that they could be referred for criminal charges.

The DOJ does not appear to have identified the taxpayers using data received from Switzerland, because several of the contacted taxpayers hold offshore accounts only outside Europe, one practitioner said. Investigators may be using data from India to home in on HSBC accounts, another practitioner said.

Addenda

Additional reports are indicate:

1.  As to the connection with India, some reports (see here) speculate that the Indian Government may have provided the information under information exchange treaty provisions.  The article quotes an unnamed official as saying:  ""In all probability, Indian authorities must have passed on the information to their US counterparts through various exchange of information mechanisms either through bilateral or multilateral agreements,"


Additional Web Resources:

Bloomberg 
Main Justice
New York Times (Reuters) 

More Offshore Account Charges -- Of HSBC (Reputedly) and Recorded Conversations

On April 14, 2010, the Government filed a criminal complaint in the Southern District of Florida against Mauricio Cohen Assor and Leon Cohen Levy, father and son. They are real estate developers who were either legal residents or permanent legal residents at all times and thus were subject to U.S. income tax and FBAR reporting just as other citizens and residents. The complaint itself is a bare bones Klein tax conspiracy charge. The attached affidavit of the IRS CI Special Agent agent contains the torrent of words and claims the add fluff to a conspiracy charge. There is the now expected allegations of offshore accounts and offshore entities. The bank, reputed to be HSBC rather than UBS, was involved both through New York offices and Swiss offices. The affidavit sets forth some conversations which were recorded, presumably, by the bank. This is pretty or ugly stuff, depending on perspective. We have seen in the UBS matter handwritten notes of phone calls and meetings that are ugly. Recordings are of the same genre, but do tend to nail exactly what was said rather than leaving it to the vagaries of hand written notes.

Another Foreign Bank in the U.S. Government Sights

A series of news articles appear this morning centered around a statement made by the IRS Special Agent in Charge of the Tampa Field Office. The key items are:

1. The U.S. will soon go against another foreign bank for the "the same behavior that got UBS in trouble." The timing is likely to be timed to have maximum publicity effect during this return filing season (a common gambit to squeeze the maximum deterrent effect out of the prosecution), by reminding U.S. taxpayers of their obligations on 1040 and the FBAR due 6/30/10.

2. Further "tax evasion" prosecutions are likely to be brought based on the information gathered from the voluntary disclosures. Presumably, the prosecutions will be of others than the taxpayers making the voluntary disclosures. She is quoted as saying these cases will come "in waves over the next six to eight months." The voluntary disclosure information will "be a source of cases for years for us." My experience is that the principal information of misbehavior in the voluntary disclosures relates to the enablers rather than other taxpayers who did not make voluntary disclosures.

3. She notes that at least l2,000 have come in since the closing of the formal voluntary disclosure initiative on October 15, 2009, and more are coming.

4. The articles quote unnamed lawyers who suggest that the U.S. may have it sights on information that the French obtained on HSBC clients, by making a treaty request to the French.

5. The articles mention the Swiss Government plan to seek legislative approval to make the disclosures required by the U.S. / Swiss / UBS agreement.

See the Reuters version here.

Another One Bites the Dust - Plea regarding Undeclared Swiss Bank Account

On 2/16/10, according to a DOJ Tax announcement here, one Dr. Andrew Silva pled to a Klein / defraud conspiracy and to making a false statement (presumably 18 U.S.C. § 1001). On its face it would appear that DOJ Tax is upping the ante. (See also Main Justice discussion here.)  Previously all that was required was a single plea – the defendant could take his pick between a tax perjury count and an FBAR failure to file count. The maximum sentence for Dr. Silva's plea counts of conviction is 10 years in the aggregate (5 years each count). One might infer that DOJ Tax is ratcheting up as one way of telling the target community that it will get steadily worse as an inducement to come to the table sooner rather than later.

But this case has some wrinkles that may have made it more egregious. The first tip off is that the DOJ Tax announcement here states that the announcement is made by DOJ Tax, ICE, the U.S. Postal Service and the IRS. This was a significant coordinated effort that seems disproportionate for ordinary offshore tax cheating. And, the disproportion is a result of the wrinkles. (See also the Main Justice rehash of the announcement here.)

Key Points that I think are worthy of note are:
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